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Kingston Technology Egyéb számítógépes tartozék SD Card 2

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Oldal 1/14

C O M M I T T E D T O M E M O R Y

kingston.com.ash

Flash Memory Guide

Portable Flash memory for computers, digital cameras, cell phones and other devices

Kingston®

, the world’s leading independent manufacturer of memory products, offers a broad range

of Flash cards and USB Flash drives (collectively called Flash storage devices) that employ Flash

memory chips for storage. The purpose of this guide is to explain the various technologies and

Flash memory offerings that are available.

Note: Due to Flash technology changes, speciﬁcations listed in this document

are subject to change without notice.

C O M M I T T E D T O M E M O R Y

kingston.com/ash

1.0

2.0

Its enduring commitment

to service and support

makes Kingston an easy

choice for Flash memory.

Flash Memory: Empowering A New Generation of Flash

Storage Devices

Toshiba invented Flash memory in the 1980s as a new memory technology that allowed

stored data to be saved even when the memory device was disconnected from its power

source. Since then, Flash memory technology has evolved into the preferred storage media

for a variety of consumer and industrial devices.

IN CONSUMER DEVICES, FLASH MEMORY IS WIDELY USED IN:

• Notebook computers • Personal computers

• Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) • Digital cameras

• Global Positioning Systems (GPS) • Cell phones

• Solid-state music players such as • Electronic musical instruments

MP3 players • Television set-top boxes

Flash memory is also used in many industrial applications where reliability and data retention

in power-off situations are key requirements, such as in:

• Security systems • Military systems

• Embedded computers • Solid-state disk drives

• Networking and communication products • Wireless communication devices

• Retail management products • Medical products

(e.g., handheld scanners)

Flash Card or USB Flash Drive Capacity

Some of a Flash storage device’s listed capacity is used for formatting and other functions

and thus is not available for data storage.

When a Flash storage device is manufactured, steps are taken to ensure that the device

operates reliably and to permit the host device (computer, digital camera, PDA, cell phone,

etc.) to access the memory cells — i.e., to store and retrieve data on the Flash storage device.

These steps — loosely called “formatting” — utilize some of the memory cells within the

device and thus reduce the capacity available for data storage by the end user.

Formatting includes the following operations:

1. Testing each memory cell in the Flash storage device.

2. Identifying all defective cells and taking steps to ensure that no data will be written

to or read from a defective cell.

C O M M I T T E D T O M E M O R Y

kingston.com/ash

3. Reserving some cells to serve as “spares.” Flash memory cells have a long but nite

lifetime. Therefore, some cells are held in reserve to replace any memory cells that may

fail over time.

4. Creating a File Allocation Table (FAT) or other directory. To enable Flash storage devices

to conveniently store and access customer les, a le management system must be created

to allow any device or computer to identify the les stored in the Flash storage device.

The most common type of le management system for Flash storage devices is the File

Allocation Table (FAT), which is also used on hard drives.

5. Reserving some cells for use by the Flash storage device’s controller, e.g., for storing

rmware updates and other controller-specic information.

6. Where applicable, reserving some cells for special features. For example, the specication

for Secure Digital (SD) cards requires reserved areas to support special copy protection

and security features.

Features of Kingston’s Flash Storage Products

Kingston’s Flash storage devices offer many advantages for both consumer and industrial

applications:

• Flash Storage Device Warranty: Kingston warrants that its Flash storage devices are

free from defects in material and workmanship for the period specied below:

• SD and CF Cards: Lifetime†

• DataTraveler® USB Flash Drives: 5 years

• MobileLite 9-in1, microSD and Media Readers: 2 years

For further details, see kingston.com/company/warranty.asp

• Solid State: Flash storage devices, as semiconductor storage devices, have no moving parts

and thereby are not subject to the mechanical failure issues of hard drives. Their overall

data reliability enabled them to dominate the convenience-oriented portable memory

products market, operating silently with a zero decibel noise level.

• Small Physical Size (or Form Factor): Flash storage devices are designed to be easily

transported. Convenience is an important criterion, especially for consumer and corporate

applications.

• High Data Reliability: Flash memory is very reliable and many of the Flash storage device

types also include Error Correction Code (ECC) checking to detect single-bit errors.

Kingston’s CompactFlash

cards have a rated error

specication of less

than one (1) bit in

1,000,000,000,000,000

bits read, or one (1)

bit per 1015 bits read.

3.0

†10-year warranty in France, Germany and Austria.

Termékspecifikációk

Márka:	Kingston Technology
Kategória:	Egyéb számítógépes tartozék
Modell:	SD Card 2

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